Justice & Pluralism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Equity and Pluralism - Essay Example (Pastry specialist, 1997 and Kymlicka, 1995) J.S. Furnivall was the main realized individual to coin the term pluralistic culture and recognize as a different type of society. A Banker by calling, he had headed out a great deal especially to the provincial Far East where he found the wide scope of culture and ethnic decent variety that existed inside that society. He depicted his experience and perception in the accompanying words â€Å"in the strictest sense, a variety for they blend however don't combine†. As Furnivall attempted to pass on his thought and perception of a general public that is a social blend, likewise this composition fuses a similar philosophy and attempts to watch pluralism in the light of equity and the significance of building up an express that is past religion or strict convictions. (Pastry specialist, 1997 and Young, 1979) Justice and pluralism have a high connection and for an only framework to be set up in a general public, social pluralism must win . The profundity of their relationship will be additionally explained. Be that as it may, the accompanying pieces of the composition will talk about and break down the way of thinking and study of social pluralism; its pith and significance so as to set up social request in the general public. Pluralism is commonly a philosophical term; anyway the term has now gotten equivalent with social and political theory also. During the most recent couple of decades, political and social researchers have completed serious discussions with respect to the legitimacy of a pluralistic examination and assessment of present day social orders. (Conn, 1973) The contention introduced against pluralistic translation of the general public is inconceivably questioning and dependent on unique. As investigates keep on considering the marvel widely and produce abundant measures of information regarding the matter; nonetheless, the subject of pluralism stays in the cover of ambiguities. Pluralism is in truth a multifaceted wonder and there has been various that, if not totally clarify the subject however gives adequate measure of knowledge. M. G. Smith, a prestigious social researcher has been known for sorting out the idea that made Social pluralism a focal idea in the general public. He characterized pluralism as the division of the general public into little units based on race, culture, ethnicity, language and language. These units were politically important and this definition of society was mindful deciding or affecting people’s conduct in a general public. (Quong, 2004, 43-67) These units later develop into refined corporate units that were answerable for the measure of riches a general public produces and the degree of dissension. Nonetheless, on the drawback the more defined a general public turned into the probability of aggregate brutality and disunity among the units expanded. The prime focal point of studies was on the relationship between's aggregate viciousness an d a pluralistic culture and he expressed: â€Å"Having went through my time on earth attempting to explain the origination of pluralism, I currently wish to test and show its pertinence for the arrangement of numerous earnest issues in the advanced world. To that end I have aggregated data on the segment, monetary, social and political attributes of all sovereign country states, along with such nitty gritty records as I can accumulate of interior

English as an Official Language for the US Essay

Å"Do we truly need another administration controlling how and what we speak?  (Å"English Should Not Be the Official Language of the United States.  n.d.) I think when the administration makes English as an official language, individuals could get an opportunity to pick what language they need use in their homes. It was astonishing to me when I discovered that the U.S.A doesn't have an official language. Albeit English is numerous people groups local language, it likewise frequently utilized for business. For me, I figure the U.S.A ought to pronounce English as an official language for some reasons. At the point when I got some information about their supposition, they said U.S.A is a nation of opportunity, which implies there can be no laws that successfully take the opportunity from American residents, as needs be they are against making English an official language. I think if the nation makes English as an official language, it would not influence the opportunity since individuals can communicate in another dialect at home, they simply will utilize English as an official language. English is the worldwide language is one reason to make English as an official language of U.S.A. Around the globe individuals normally learn English in their school. For instance, in my nation, which is Saudi Arabia, we study English from the fourth year of school until graduation. By making English the official language residents could at present keep their opportunity while government proclaim English as an official language. English is as of now most widely used language of the United States. Most widely used language implies a famous language that is utilized all through the nation. Numerous individuals in U.S.A utilize English as a first language. Another model, pilots need to learn English to utilize it when they fly. Another model is in Saudi Arabia, which is my nation, the specialists need to learn English and that is abnormal how the specialists in different nations, which have Arabic as an official language, must learn English. Being the most widely used language is one reason, which I figure it would bode well for the US government to proclaim English as an official language. The administration could set aside cash on the off chance that they proclaimed English as an official language. Å"The report finds that the national government has burned through US$4.5 billion on redistributed language administrations since 1990.  (Å"Common Sense Advisory Home.  1/10/2011.) Depend to this reality the U.S. could have spared $4.5 billion in interpretation administrations from 1990 until 2009 on the off chance that it had announced English as the official language. This incorporates interpretation for 911, medical clinics, and different administrations. Additionally, the economy could profit if the United States pronounce English as an official language in light of the fact that most travelers utilize English as a subsequent language. The administration sets aside cash, is only one more motivation to contend for English as an official language in the United States. The US would increase global regard as one reason to contend for pronouncing English as an official language of the U.S.A. At the point when the worldwide network knows the official language in U.S.A is English they would attempt to learn English before they come. At the point when the guests learn English before they come, it would assist residents with being capable better comprehend the guests. Increasing global regard is one of my motivations to help English as an official language in the United States. Taking everything into account, the U.S ought to pronounce English as an official language since Americans can even now keep opportunities while advancing national character. English is as of now most widely used language. It would profit the economy and the U.S would increase worldwide regard. Consequently the U.S ought to announce English as an official language.

Trying Juviniles As Adults Essays - Criminology, Legal Procedure

Attempting Juviniles As Adults Attempting Juveniles as Adults and Placing them into Adult Institutions Adolescents being attempted as grown-ups, who is at fault? In the present society it isn't who or whom it is the thing that. Adolescent guilty parties are currently confronting a twofold edged blade. Not exclusively would they be able to be attempted in a Juvenile court for a wrongdoing submitted. They are currently being charged as grown-ups. Charging an adolescent as a grown-up has worked up a wide range of perspectives. When would it be a good idea for us to state nothing more will be tolerated? Brutal wrongdoings submitted by adolescents have gotten a developing plague. The offspring of today are exposed to savagery in well known tunes, network shows, and even PC games. Guardians having firearms available to youngsters and the general public the kid lives in all have an impact in the annihilation of our childhood. Adolescent wrongdoers are presently confronting harder discipline for their activities. Adolescent wrongdoing is expressed as ?a demonstration carried out by a minor that would be viewed as a wrongdoing submitted by a grown-up, for example, vandalism, thievery, attack, or murder? (Silverstein 11). Adolescents are perpetrating these wrongdoings against families, cohorts, and outsiders. In numerous states, an adolescent is any one younger than eighteen. Youthful guilty parties carry out these wrongdoings since they feel ignored, that nobody cares, and this is an approach to get consideration. Nonetheless, expert's state that adolescent guilty parties carry out these wrongdoings due to being mishandled or even overlooked as a kid (Valentine). Advising a parent to not disregard, rebuff, or disregard your kid home or your kid could develop to turn into a crook, appears to be serious. For what reason don't we simply disclose to them how to bring up their youngsters? We as a general public can not accuse a parent the adolescents are the ones to blame. Adolescent wrongdoing is dated as far back as the 1600's. Where ?in the Massachusetts settlement, a young person more than sixteen years old who had reviled at or hit his folks could get capital punishment? (Landau 88). In this timespan, this appeared to be an extreme discipline. Be that as it may, clearly it made youngsters consider their activities before following up on them. In the 1880's, migrants were the wellspring of adolescent wrongdoing. Youthful settlers were confronted with numerous social contrasts that drove them to wrongdoings. Youthful Immigrant families were starving in this manner taking was their significant wrongdoing (Landau 89). The adolescent equity framework was denounced by society in the 1960's (Landau 89). This would give the main indications of genuine adolescent guilty parties accepting lesser sentences than adolescents who carried out minor violations would. ?There is no national adolescent equity framework in the United States? (Landau 90). Every state law on adolescent viciousness differs. Adolescent wrongdoing went on the ascent in the 1980-1990's. Murder has been the main lawful offense among adolescents. Be that as it may, in 1994, 60% of adolescent guilty par ties who submitted murder were African American dark men (Silverstein 12). Our lawful framework has two distinctive court frameworks. One, Juvenile court is the place we hear a ton of our cases on authority fights, kid bolster installments, and even wrongdoings submitted by adolescents. Also, Adult courts other savvy known as Criminal court. This is the place grown-ups discover their destiny for a wrongdoing submitted against another. Adolescent Offenders could be attempted in the two frameworks. Now and again the investigator can record them straightforwardly into criminal court. This procedure is called ?simultaneous locale?. States have another structure called ?legal avoidance? implying that if the wrongdoing submitted is not kidding enough the adolescent will consequently is attempted as a grown-up (Hunzeker). The Juvenile framework appeared to be the appropriate response. Be that as it may, it had defects. Adolescent guilty parties are shielded from society. The blamed doesn't get a criminal record for wrongdoings carried out. This outcomes in an issue for judges and recurrent guilty parties. On the off chance that there is no record of their wrongdoings, in what manner will they do the time (Landau 90)? Little parts of cases don't make it to court (Landau 90). Adolescent guilty parties are liberated for violations that grown-ups get life in jail. On the off chance that we set a model like that adolescent brutality will keep on rising. Casualties are the ones who are languishing. With the irregularities of the Juvenile framework, a youthful guilty party could walk which would be more horrible for the casualty than the wrongdoing

What You Can Do About Gre Analytical Writing Solutions to the Real Essay Topics Pdf Beginning in the Next Nine Minutes

What You Can Do About Gre Analytical Writing Solutions to the Real Essay Topics Pdf Beginning in the Next Nine Minutes The first facet of the essay we'll analyze is the way that it succeeds in identifying and examining the pieces of the argument that are related to the undertaking. There's one real gem with that book I have returned to a lot of times. You might also want to suggest additional research or comment on things that it wasn't possible that you discuss in the paper. Also a reminder that you could work with me if you're searching for issue essay feedback. The introduction and conclusion aren't quite as vital as the contents. Furthermore, argumentative writinginvolves your own reasoning to find out whether the suggestions and opinions raised are reasonable enough. You have to write the very first draft of your essay plan prior to starting your research the very best approach to do so is to organise your research so that it. Finally the studio must ask whether the proportion of positive reviews is a really relevant method to measure the possible effect of movie reviews. How to Choose Gre Analytical Writing Solutions to the Real Essay Topics Pdf Some people think that so as to thrive, a society must put its very own general success before the well-being of its unique citizens. They claim that the goal of politics should be the pursuit of an ideal. They believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much better understanding of the world around us. They believe that government officials must carry out the will of the people t hey serve. The Lost Secret of Gre Analytical Writing Solutions to the Real Essay Topics Pdf Reasoning plays a critical role in deciding the total level of your essay. The ideal way to find out how to find a high Analytical Writing score is to have a look at a GRE essay sample, but doing so with no guidance can be overwhelming. The Analytical Writing part of the GRE. You may observe that many Issue Essay prompts make statements that are hard to completely support. Choice of topic is crucial. For more information regarding the different rubrics for the various essay tasks, read our articles about how to compose perfect-scoring GRE Issue and Argument essays. Gre Analytical Writing Solutions to the Real Essay Topics Pdf: the Ultimate Convenience! The audio incorporates different selections of English, and speakers might be native or non-native English speakers. One of the absolute most important features about a compelling essay is its capacity to convince the reader by way of sound logical reasoning. If you pick a topic that does not appear to be interesting to writer then it will not be possible for the writer to compose an impressive custom made essay. Nowadays you know what it requires to receive an ideal essay score. Remember to proofread your essay, as soon as you finish writing it. You could also see interview essay. Gre Analytical Writing Solutions to the Real Essay Topics Pdf - What Is It? Other folks think that such competition seriously limits the standard of genuine learning. The correct register, or level of formality, ought to be used for each writing task. In order to acquire the most effective all-round preparation including practice in the four language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing, it's wise to work with different candidates in a conventional classroom atmosphere. The rGRE scores are valid for five decades, but the majority of the very best universities do not think about the scores which are two or more years old. The Secret to Gre A nalytical Writing Solutions to the Real Essay Topics Pdf Your score is dependent upon the degree of questions you obtain in the test paper. The GRE score is necessary for the admission to a lot of graduate programs. Ideally to target excellent universities, any score above 4 is thought to be good. Argument Essay Drill There is not any such thing as a fantastic GRE score or an awful GRE score. Well documented and organised research is the secret to write decent custom made essay. Indeed, style isn't in any respect mentioned. One has to experience long procedure to write custom made essays. You will find that you're able to use a number of them for many essays don't let the very first thing that springs to mind box you in. What kind of essays will be there and what's anticipated to be written. You can also see self-introduction essay. There isn't any limit on the number of times each candidate can choose the test, so if you're dissatisfied with your results you may take it again. They all are easy to use. You will get your essay scores approximately 10-15 days following your test date. The listening test is provided first.

Saponification Definition and Reaction

The Concept Of Love By Erich Fromm - 1072 Words

The concept of love has been an everlastingly a very indefinable topic. It is a definition and sense that philosophers, psychologists, and biologists have been seeking since the beginning of time. Conflicts have been paid and struggled over it, while friendships have been introduced and have concluded because of this idea. But what exactly is love, and why is it important to define this mystery (Chapman, 2011)? Before loving any other person, a human being starts learning to love by loving his own self. According to Erich Fromm, self-love or love for oneself is very important for a person’s societal and emotional development. Before starting loving his inner-self, he needs to have some self-esteem and self-confidence. If a human being is open to criticisms and takes any comment sportingly or motivationally to make himself better, than he can become less demanding to others, which is very important for the formation of being a better person. Those who don’t like themselves, obtain other connections that can strengthen their low self-esteem. A loving relationship has the quality to comprise different kinds of friendship, sometimes a sensual need, significance over other interactions, loving to the point of great self-sacrifice. A relationship might start with a sense of friendship, but later it can develop into romantic love. There is actually no specific or commonly established definition of love in this world. Expressions of love and actions differ throughout time andShow MoreRelatedThe Individual in Chains of Illusion† 950 Words   |  4 Pagesis attributed to the concept of necrophilia and biophilia. Necrophilia can be defined as the love of death and biophilia can be defined as the love of life. Human character is dominated by both forces, but it is important to identify which of these forces plays a dominant role. The dominant role dictates the relational life one has with the world. The class of people one can associate with necrophiliacs are members of violent gangs. Members of violent gangs thrive on the love of death, and thisRead MoreA Theory Based On The Art Of Loving, Albert Rogers, And Maslow1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper was to conceptualize a theory based upon existing ideas to create something unique. My theoretical view is based around the foundation and work of three theorist; Fromm, Rogers, and Maslow. Each individual presented a unique aspect, idea, or theory that was instrumental to the construction of my own. It does not have a working title but I can tell you that it most definitely has a purpose and a set of ideals that I believe will and can improve the lives of many. My theoryRead MoreImmature Vs Mature Love Essay1455 Words   |  6 PagesImmature Versus Mature Love How does immature love differ from mature love? Immature love says, â€Å"I love you because I need you.† Whereas mature love says, â€Å"I need you because I love you.† Maybe you are defined as an immature lover who depends on someone else for your own happiness. Maybe you are defined as a mature lover who is independently happy but finds that certain spark of magic in a significant other that catches your heart, your eyes, and your mind. Most people fall into the category of anRead MoreErich Fromm s Disobedience As A Psychological And Moral Problem891 Words   |  4 PagesErich Fromm wrote Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem, in 1963, an essay detailing balance between obedience and disobedience. Fromm cited that authority figures insisted obedience as a virtue and disobedience as a vice. He argued that disobedience began human history itself and necessary to continue it. Fromm first discussed a Biblical example: the story of Adam and Eve. Humans were in harmony with nature, yet still in their infancy. Prophets argued it is through man’s â€Å"sin† canRead MoreHaving Orientation and It’s Relationship to Capitalism1477 Words   |  6 Pagescapitalism in its relationship to having through my interpretation of Erich Fromm’s To Have or to Be. The Having Orientation It could be assumed that having is the normal orientation in which people live their life by in the modern societies of Europe or North America. Erich Fromm stated, To acquire, to own, and to make a profit are the sacred and unalienable rights of the individual in the industrial society (From 1976:57). Fromm is clearly explaining that to have and to own is the dominant normRead MoreOverview of Humanistic Psychology Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesmeanings, understanding, and experiences involved in growing, teaching, and learning. They highlight characteristics that are shared by all human beings, some examples are love, grief, caring, and self worth of the individual. Some of the most famous psychologist that studies this approach are Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Erich Fromm. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970), was the psychologist that developed the self-actualization pyramid, he believed that one should look and focus on the positive aspects ofRead More Human Consciousness Essay178 9 Words   |  8 PagesHuman Consciousness Erich Fromm and Shirley Jackson have both written wonderful true-life affecting essays and should be awarded for them. I appreciate both stories and feel they both set tales to learn from and live by. As a combined theme for both I ‘ld say â€Å"human consciousness is more then a gift†. And read on to see what I mean. In Erich Fromm we notice a compassionate concern for the unfolding of life. Fromm claims that the growing process of the emergence of the individual from his originalRead Moreâ€Å"The Passionate Love Of Life And All That Is Alive† (Fromm,1422 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The passionate love of life and all that is alive† (Fromm, 1964). A famous quote by a psychologist named Erich Fromm in 1964. Erich was the first to use the word Biophilia, which is the â€Å"love of nature† thus, where Biophilic design’s name came from. Biophilic design is incorporating nature to buildings, increasing wellbeing, productivity, and health. Recently, architects and designers found out that there is a connection between urban ills and the design of modern buildings and environment, henceRead MoreEssay about Love: A Chemical Reaction or a Social Phenomenon?1252 Words   |  6 Pagesdictionary love is defined as â€Å"a feeling of strong personal attachment; ardent affection or the strong liking of another person.† However, in all actuality what is love? What is it that causes the butterflies? What is it that causes the emotions that cant be described in words other than, â€Å"you just know?† the feelings for every person are unique when it comes to love which makes defining it even more difficult. Even though the relationships and the experiences differ for each person; the concept of loveRead More Individual and State Roles in Communism According to Marx and Engels1169 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals sometimes felt obliged to marry one another for political, proprietary, or monetary reasons. Marriage was more of a survival tactic than an individual’s choice in capitalism. In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels claim that free love would reign-supreme, individuals would be able to exercise their true feelings and marry whom they wanted. Individuals’ roles would allow them to marry by choice, which may present a ne w sense of freedom allowing them to claim their personal identity

People and Organization Personality and Disability

Question: Discuss about thePeople and Organization for Personality and Disability. Answer: Introduction: Human behavior is complex subject and the individualism differentiates every individual from another. The individuality depends on several factors including personality, disability, values, age, religion etc. According to Sue, Rasheed and Rasheed (2015), individuals attitude is influenced by factors including abilities, gender, attribution, perception and attitude. Over the past few decades, the workforce diversity plays an integral role in the business. There are some beneficial aspects and challenges of the workforce diversity. Most of the business analysts have agreed with the fact that most of the organizations have been making efforts for achieving the workforce diversity in the era of economic globalization. By analyzing the beneficial aspects of the workforce diversity, it can be assessed that the organizations could increase the productivity along with creativity. Moreover, the diversity at work could cause in enhancing the language skills. Sometimes, workforce diversity is r esponsible for improving the reputation of the organization. In this context, the beneficial aspects of the workforce diversity will be discussed in an efficient manner. Moreover, the importance of the impartial managerial behavior will be highlighted in a detailed manner. Different point of views of the authors will be sketched in this particular assignment in an appropriate manner. Discussion: According to Villarreal et al. (2014), organizations obtain high benefits by involving the workforce diversity into the business. Over the past few years, workforce diversity is responsible for most of the organizational development. With the involvement of the workforce diversity, the organizations experience both tangible and intangible benefits. In the recent years, the diversity at the workplace provides the competitive advantages in the business. By analyzing the benefits of the diversity at the workplace, it can be assessed that the organizations could easily enhance the productivity by implementing the diversity in the business. The diverse workforce indeed provides employees with different skills that would facilitate the organizations in executing the complex task in an easy manner. Employees from the diverse work culture could provide different ideas for improving the business opportunities. Thompson (2016) has discussed that the workforce diversity enhances the employee mo rale, and it is responsible for influencing the employees in executing work more effectively and efficiently. On the other hand, Harvey and Allard (2015) have identified that the diversity leadership within the business indeed allows the management in identifying the new skills and method to achieve the organizational goals and objectives. Besides the productivity, the diverse workforce facilitates in increasing the creativity in the business execution process. According to Barak (2013), workforce diversity enhances the creativity within an organization. It has been seen that the employees from the different background facilitate the organization in providing a variety of solutions that contribute to achieving the goals and objectives of the business. on the contrary, Elwr et al. (2013) have identified that a huge number of ideas can be formed under the diverse workforce situation. Most of the companies have successfully created the innovative processes through the discussion with t he employees under diverse work culture. In the modern era of business, most of the organizations try to expand their workforces across the global platform. Due to the limited global presence, the organizations have limited market shares. Consequently, it harms the business growth. Hence, the organizations are more focused to expand the business across the international market. For enhancing the business in to the international market, the organizations need to focus on the language diversity. Barak (2013) has identified the fact that the companies planning to expand the business into the global market obtain huge benefit from the language diversity at the workplace. Most of the bilingual workers experience an extra advantage when applying for a particular job because employees understand the beneficial aspects of the language diversity. On the other hand, the organizations following the workforce diversity have huge reputations in the market, as these organizations avoid practicing employment discrimination. The potential employees always focus on gathering information about the employers treatment to the staffs. Most of the employers treat their staffs fairly regardless of gender, ethnicity, and race. By discussing the outcome of the workforce diversity, it can be assessed that the organization upholds the high employee morale through the implementation of such process into the business. Hence, it can be identified that the workforce diversity is responsible for providing competitive advantages to the organizations. With the involvement of the diverse workforce into the business, organizations could easily gain maximum benefits. According to Thompson (2016), all employees should be treated equally rather individually at the workplace. Without treating staffs equally, the organizations would not be able to enhance the productivity of the business. In recent years, most of the organizations have been focusing on the quality program, as it facilitates them in enhancing the business opportunities in an efficient manner. For instance, if the management of the organizations treats employees equally, they would be able to obtain the different ideas in the business. By treating the employees identically, the management would be able to encourage the staffs in delivering the quality performance. Most of the leaders in the organizations believe that the impartiality at the workplace would motivate the employees for providing high productivity in the business. According to Harvey and Allard (2015), the equality process in the organization would cause several beneficial aspects including opportunity, contribution, lawsu it protection, and reputation. On the contrary, Barak (2013) have identified that all individuals have the same opportunities in developing their skills by involving themselves into the workplace consists of equality and diversity. Workplace equality provides an adequate chance to the employees in contributing high productivity. Most of the organizations provide equal training sessions to the employees in order to enhance their workability in an efficient manner. Although the workplace equality provides adequate opportunity to the organizations in enhancing the business opportunities, it also creates some challenges for trade. Thompson (2016) has discussed that the employees having a low knowledge need extra training and development session for enhancing the workability in an effective manner. Moreover, potential employees should be given proper recognitions so that they become motivated for providing enhanced performance into the business. Sue, D.W., Rasheed and Rasheed (2015) have identified the fact that the motivation is one of the major factors that could enhance the productivity of the business in an effective manner. In many multinational organizations, employees face the unequal treatment from the management. Consequently, it decreases the workability of the employees. Sometimes, employees are not able to stop the unequal treatment of management. Elwr et al. (2013) have discussed that the employer should admit the issues at workplace fairly so that they can be influenced for delivering high production in the business. Unequal treatment can happen due to the several factors including the types of behavior. The manager of the organization can be participated in the unequal treatment process by denying complaints rose by employees. Sometimes, the management denies in providing proper recognition to the potential employees. Consequently, it affects the workability of that particular employee. Moreover, the unequal treatment could make an employee unfaithful to the organization. Most of the employees feel that they are not obtaining the desired promotion due to the unfair treatment of the organizatio n. Thompson (2016) has discussed that the employee being treated differently in the organization can cause the stress and the low morale among the staffs. Hence, it would affect the employees performance and productivity. In this context, if I feel that I have been treating differently than others in the organization then I would convey this particular issue to the higher management. If the problem arises from the employee level, then it can be assessed that the higher management or my leaders would take strict action against it. However, I have to observe the situation carefully because I need to be sure whether the issue has been created intentionally or not. On the contrary, it would be difficult for me to obtain a resolution quickly, as the management would take the time to analysis the particular situation. On the other hand, if the problem comes from the management level, it would be very difficult for me to highlight that issue to the higher authority. At the initial stage, I need to investigate the reason why my senior manager behaves differently to me. The behavior of the manager depends on several factors. Without shouting at the workplace, I need to handle the entire situation in an effecti ve manner. Firstly, I will start listening to the manager. If the manager shows partiality, I will try to make other employees admit the situation. On the other hand, I would discuss the entire situation with the human resource managers in order to obtain an effective work culture at the workplace. If I try to resolve the situation where my manager misunderstood me, then I would reach out directly to that particular person in order to discuss my issues. I would not waste time to spread my emotions to everyone else when I could simply explain my intentions to the person who treated me wrong at the workplace. Sometimes, the apologies can resolve the issues in an efficient manner. If possible, I would like to apologize to my senior managers so that the problem can be resolved in an easy manner. Sometimes, the misunderstanding creates huge difficulties in maintaining the good relation with the higher manager of the organization. Sue, Rasheed and Rasheed (2015) have discussed that the unfair leaders are responsible for providing mental agony to the employees. It not only decreases the production of the business but also devalue the brand in the large marketplace. In recent years, the managers often attack the employees through their sarcasm. The unfair boss might humiliate the employees through different ways. They send the emails to the individual containing the personal attacks. Moreover, the unfair managers could publicly humiliate the employees in restrained ways. In this context, being an employee, I would address the unfair treatment of other employees or the managers to the higher authority in order to obtain the fair work culture. Without identifying the particular issues with quick response, I would not be able to uphold my performance in the organizations. Consequently, it might create a negative impression on my career graph. I would send an email to the higher authority mentioning the issue that I have been facing at the workplace. I would mention on that particular mail that due to receiving unfair treatment at the workplace; I am unable to execute my allocated tasks in a proper manner. Hence, it can be assured that the higher authority would take serious action against this particular issue because the prime objective of the organization is to obtain the high production from each employee involved in the business. The reverse situation can occur in the workplace. The managers could treat me fairly, and my colleague may face challenges in upholding the performance due to inequality in the business. In this situation, I would advise the particular employees in sharing his experiences with the manager who has been treating the employee unfairly. On the other hand, the employees facing this particular issue could complain to the management about the situation. Without addressing the issue in an efficient manner, the employees would not be able to improve the situation at the workplace. On the other hand, the employees need to highlight the fact that the unequal treatment in the organization has been creating challenges for them in retaining enhanced performance at the workplace. By discussing the outcomes of the situation, it can be assessed that the management would take strong action against the unfair policy in the business, as they focus on the productivity of the employees rather creating complex workplace situation. However, it would be difficult to obtain righteousness at the workplace within the short timeframe if the problem arises from the managerial level. The higher authority would not avoid in providing the right solutions to the challenges, as they might understand that the particular situations would affect the business in an efficient manner. On the other hand, the management of the organization would focus on analyzing such issues in order to improve the work culture in the workplace. As per my point of view, the management would not ignore such issues of the employees due to retaining the business values in the market. It has been seen that the unfair employee treatment would cause a decrement of the brand value of the organization. Consequently, it would create challenges in obtaining profitable outcome from the business. Besides this, I think the higher authority would take serious action against the challenges of the employees, as the company always intends to uphold enhanced work culture at the workplace for experiencing the high production. In the competitive market, all companies try to maintain the healthy work culture at the workplace in order to obtain high business growth in the market. Hence, I can assess that the organization would not avoid resolving such issues that could prevent the growth of the business. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the workforce diversity facilitates in enhancing the organizational performance in an efficient manner. The particular assignment highlights the impact of workforce diversity into the business. Besides this, the influence of the equality at the workplace has also been discussed in this particular assignment. Without implementing the equality into the business, the organization would not be able to enhance the business opportunities in an appropriate manner. References: Barak, M.E.M., 2013.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Elwr, S., Harryson, L., Bolin, M. and Hammarstrm, A., 2013. Patterns of gender equality at workplaces and psychological distress.PloS one,8(1), p.e53246. Harvey, C.P. and Allard, M., 2015.Understanding and managing diversity. Pearson. Sue, D.W., Rasheed, M.N. and Rasheed, J.M., 2015.Multicultural Social Work Practice: A Competency-Based Approach to Diversity and Social Justice. John Wiley Sons. Thompson, N., 2016.Anti-discriminatory practice: Equality, diversity and social justice. Palgrave Macmillan. Villarreal, J.C., Cargill, D.C., Hagborg, A., Soderstrom, L. and Renzaglia, K.S., 2014. A synthesis of hornwort diversity: Patterns, causes and future work.Phytotaxa,9(1), pp.150-166.

8 Most Common IELTS Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

8 Most Common IELTS Mistakes and How to Avoid Them Here is a list of eight most common IELTS pitfalls that cost test takers precious points. More is less. A very common mistake is to answer in more words than instructed. If the task says Not more than 3 words, answering in 4 or more words will definitely cost marks.Less is less. The length of a written task is crucial. When instructions mention a minimal number of words (250 for an essay, 150 for report or letter), it means that any work shorter than required will be penalized.A longer essay doesnt mean a better mark. Another common misconception is that longer essays score better in IELTS. Not only is this a myth, but also a dangerous one. Writing a long essay can indirectly cost marks because the chances of making mistakes increase with the number of words and sentences.Changing the subject is unacceptable. Every so often a student is asked to write on a topic, that he doesnt understand. To avoid the disaster of missing a whole task they decide to write on a slightly – or entirely - different topic. The sad fact is that no matter how beautiful the submitted work is, the wrong topic means a zero score. Another similar pitfall is to omit parts of the given topic or ignore the guidelines in your work. Every point the topic refers to needs to be covered because the examiners will be actually counting them. A good memory can get you in trouble. Having seen that the topics sometimes repeat, smart students with good memory decide to memorize essays. This is a terrible mistake to make because the examiners are trained to look for memorized essays and have firm instructions to disqualify such works on the spot.An accent is not important. Pronunciation is. IELTS, being a test for non-native English speakers cant penalize people for having an accent. The problem here is that not everyone knows the difference between speaking with an accent and mispronouncing the words. No matter how strong an accent a person has, the words are to be pronounced correctly or it will cost marks.It is not the ideas that are important, but the way they are described in. Many students think that expressing the wrong ideas (whether it is an essay, letter or discussion) can harm their score. The truth is that no idea can be wrong and the ideas are not important on their own, it is the way they are expressed in that i mportant. Connective words: the more is not always the better. Smart students know that one of the essays marking criteria is coherence and cohesion, and what better way is there to demonstrate cohesion than to use lots of connective words, right? Wrong. Overuse of connective words is a known problem, which is easily recognized and penalized by the examiners. A word of advice: to stay out of trouble, it is equally important to be aware of the pitfalls and to practice enough before the exam. Being familiar with the structure and the procedure of the test will build up confidence and that will reflect in your score. This article was kindly provided by Simone Braverman who runs an excellent IELTS blog full of useful information and tips on taking the IELTS exam.

Free Essays on Pride

Pride Can Be a Fatal Trait Sometimes a person ¹s pride can overshadow their good judgment, in turn effecting their actions. The result of this over zealous pride can mean death for the person. In Edgar Allen Poe ¹s  ³The Cask of Amontillado ², Fortunato is a prime example. Through his own desire to show his skill as a wine connoisseur, he causes his own demise. Fortunato ¹s pride becomes evident when he and Montresor first meet. When Fortunato learns of Montresor ¹s cask of Amontillado, he says  ³Luchesi cannot tell Amontillado from Sherry, ² (pg 116) of the other connoisseur. He will not allow this other connoisseur to show him up. Fortunato had no reason to demean Luchesi except to keep his own pride intact. He continues throughout the story to demean the skills of Luchesi for the sole purpose of making himself look more skilled. Fortunato ¹s good judgment is also clouded by the amount of alcohol he accepts from Montresor.  ³A draught of this Medoc will defend us from the damps. ² ( pg 117) Montresor says to Fortunato who decides to stay in the damp and starts to drink because his pride will not let him leave. Montresor offers him one final chance to turn back. Once again Fortunato ¹s good judgment is overshadowed by his pride. He insists that he is fine, and furthermore, asks for more alcohol.  ³I broke and reached him a flagon of De Grave. He emptied it at a breath. ² (pg 118) Although Montresor was planning to trap Fortunato once they were deep in the catacombs, he does not force him to go. In fact, several times during the story Montresor offers a way out for Fortunato but Fortunato ¹s pride wouldn ¹t allow him to give up. Several times it was Fortunato that urges Montresor to take him to the Amontillado pipe. When Montresor says  ³My friend, no. I will not impose upon your good nature. I perceive you have an engagement, ² (pg 117) Fortunato is quick to respond that he has no engagement. He his desperate to reach the casks an... Free Essays on Pride Free Essays on Pride Pride There are several different definitions for pride. Pride can be referred to as a type of plant, a form of body decoration, or even a group of lions. The most commonly used definition of pride is being proud, or having a feeling of great accomplishment. Throughout history the word pride, (positive and negative) has had an effect on how we feel about ourselves. In 1297 AD, pride was described as â€Å"An awareness or feeling of what is befitting or due to oneself or one's position, which prevents a person from doing what he considers to be beneath him or unworthy of him; esp. as a good quality, legitimate, ‘honest’, or ‘proper pride’, self-respect; also as a mistaken or misapplied feeling, ‘false pride’.† (World Book Encyclopedia 377) This type of pride is personal pride and is an image a person must maintain to keep. A person cannot allow himself or herself to act in such a way that would be demeaning. An example of personal pride is a drill sergeant getting down with his recruits and performing the same demeaning drills. The sergeant’s years of hard work and service would not be taken seriously if he were to lower himself to the level of his recruits, as a result, lowering his sense of pride. Too much pride can lead to smugness or what we commonly call a â€Å"big head†. By 1340 AD, pride was comparable to arrogance. Later, during the Middle Ages, there were seven sins listed as the worst sins of all. These sins were called, â€Å"the seven deadly sins†. (The seven Deadly Sins) The first on the list was pride. Pride is believed to be â€Å"a high or overweening opinion of one’s own qualities, attainments, or estate, which gives rise to a feeling and attitude of superiority over and contempt for others.† This usage of the word pride gives it a negative cynical connotation-describing people as vain, arrogant. An example of a vain person could be when someone famous jokingly thanks â€Å"all the little... Free Essays on Pride Pride Webster’s New World Dictionary defines pride as â€Å"an unduly high opinion of oneself.† Flannery O’Connor uses pride in her short stories. O’Connor’s characters position themselves higher in society until someone comes along to lead them to their mistakes. In most cases, the main character is the one having an abundance of pride. One of the best examples of this is A Good Man is Hard to Find. In this short story, the grandmother is the main character. As the family leaves for their vacation the grandmother remembers to dress like a lady in case something were to happen to her. She is a racist and loves to talk about her youth when she was a maiden lady. During their trip the grandmother leads the family down an old dirt road to see a house from her childhood. Minutes into the journey she realizes that it is the wrong road. She doesn’t tell her son, who is driving, because she was embarrassed. The grandmother’s cat jumps after being startled by the grandmother. The cat lands on the son and he wreaks the car. After the wreck, The Misfit, an escaped convict, pulls up next to the family. The grandmother recognizes him, and tries to talk him out of doing any harm to the family. When she realizes that her family is in trouble, she tries to offer The Misfit her grace. She begs with him tha t a person from a good family wouldn’t do anything bad to others. She offers one last attempt at redemption as she utters, â€Å"Why you’re one of my babies. You’re one of my own children† (O’Connor 1439). In the end of the story, the entire family is killed. Because the grandmother was too ashamed to tell her son that she was wrong about the house, her family was shot (O’Connor 1428-1439). The Mays from Greenleaf also value position in society. Mrs. May is furious that her workers, the Greenleafs, might be moving up in society. The Greenleaf boys had joined the military and made something of themselves: ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Pride Pride Can Be a Fatal Trait Sometimes a person ¹s pride can overshadow their good judgment, in turn effecting their actions. The result of this over zealous pride can mean death for the person. In Edgar Allen Poe ¹s  ³The Cask of Amontillado ², Fortunato is a prime example. Through his own desire to show his skill as a wine connoisseur, he causes his own demise. Fortunato ¹s pride becomes evident when he and Montresor first meet. When Fortunato learns of Montresor ¹s cask of Amontillado, he says  ³Luchesi cannot tell Amontillado from Sherry, ² (pg 116) of the other connoisseur. He will not allow this other connoisseur to show him up. Fortunato had no reason to demean Luchesi except to keep his own pride intact. He continues throughout the story to demean the skills of Luchesi for the sole purpose of making himself look more skilled. Fortunato ¹s good judgment is also clouded by the amount of alcohol he accepts from Montresor.  ³A draught of this Medoc will defend us from the damps. ² ( pg 117) Montresor says to Fortunato who decides to stay in the damp and starts to drink because his pride will not let him leave. Montresor offers him one final chance to turn back. Once again Fortunato ¹s good judgment is overshadowed by his pride. He insists that he is fine, and furthermore, asks for more alcohol.  ³I broke and reached him a flagon of De Grave. He emptied it at a breath. ² (pg 118) Although Montresor was planning to trap Fortunato once they were deep in the catacombs, he does not force him to go. In fact, several times during the story Montresor offers a way out for Fortunato but Fortunato ¹s pride wouldn ¹t allow him to give up. Several times it was Fortunato that urges Montresor to take him to the Amontillado pipe. When Montresor says  ³My friend, no. I will not impose upon your good nature. I perceive you have an engagement, ² (pg 117) Fortunato is quick to respond that he has no engagement. He his desperate to reach the casks an...

Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 18

Critical Thinking - Essay Example Much of the corporate wealth in the region is in government hands. Earlier this year, the company won the auction for former GE Plastics with $11 billion, and it has significantly expanded its U.S. operations. In addition to that, it has acquired the U.K.’s Huntsman Petrochemicals Company last year. The company is currently investing about $20 billion annually in expanding capacity (Al†Salamah & Wilson, 2001). I chose SABIC because it has values that include inspiring employees by empowering them with clear and shared comprehension of the ethical boundaries that they must operate. More so, Engage diverse workforce by ensuring that they maintain respectful and welcoming work environment. In addition, it helps create a sustainable compliance with integrity framework. That is, it will support innovation in products in a highly regulated world. Thus, finally delivering growth by earning the trust of employees, customer and business collaborates and ensure that they always conduct business with a lot of integrity (Jasinska-Walc et al., 2015). One can describe the advantages of SABIC basing on the geographical environment. In addition to that, the countries’ regulatory framework of government in which SABIC operates their business, the political set up of the countries that SABIC have their manufacturing plants. Moreover, the taxation rules, regulations and policies of the countries, and finally the production and transportation costs. Cultural issues: cultures of different countries vary and can bring impact on the company accordingly. There are Promotional messages sent to the consumers who are responsible for the purchase decision, also the marketing message highly depends on cultural background of the user. Therefore, cultural awareness is essential when designing marketing strategies for the global markets. The views of the user are always in consideration (Jasinska-Walc et al., 2015). SABIC has used marketing strategies of the firms to learn more

Critical analysis of Integrated Water Resources Management Essay

Critical analysis of Integrated Water Resources Management - Essay Example This inconsistency therefore renders the solutions to water problems dependent on its availability and several other factors including the processes of management, competence and capacities of authorities tasked with the management, prevailing socio-political factors that inform the planning, development and management processes. Other factors include the suitability and implementation status of the prevailing legal frameworks; accessibility of financial resources, regional climatic, social and environmental situations; the extent and availability of exploitable technologies; national, regional and international awareness and attitudes; the levels of education and developmental conditions; governance issues including political meddling, corruption and accountability; and the availability of quality, effective and relevant research aimed at solving the water problems1. The importance of water as a resource can be adequately explained by the widespread interest it is to the general soc iety, and several public institutions that are linked to development issues at the state and local levels, the academic field, private sector and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). It is this widespread interest in water that makes its management to command a greater level of social and political attention although the levels may vary from one country or region to another and over time. Globalization has brought about a higher level of interrelation and complexity in the world, a situation that has led to a pervasive interest in issues that ensure good quality of life to the people. Water, though not the only issue takes center stage and in the recent past, there has been a substantial amount of evidence that the water problems faced by a country cannot be singlehandedly solved by the water experts and water ministries. The interconnectivity and the new level of interlink between water problems and other issues related to development demands that water problems, and management a nd development should be multi-faceted with the participation of all stakeholders including users, planners and policy-makers at all levels (INBO and GWP, 2012).2 The prevailing and upcoming predictable trends show that water problems will continuously get more complex and the interlinking with other development sectors such as agriculture, energy, manufacturing, transport and communication and social aspects of life such as education, environmental issues, and health will keep on increasing3. An issue that is of vital importance and creates significant challenge to members of the water profession is the formulation of ways of successfully addressing the current and future water problems at all stages including local, national and international levels. It is with this in mind that during the early 1980s, a number of members of the water profession came to the realization that the overall world water situation was not at a desirable level. Therefore it is imperative that when formula ting a solution, it is appreciated that the water problems are becoming more multi-dimensional, multi-sectoral and multi regional and could therefore only be solved through a multi-criterion decision making

Greedy Based Approach for Test Data Compression Using Geometric Shapes Essay Example for Free

Greedy Based Approach for Test Data Compression Using Geometric Shapes Essay As the complexity of systems-on-a-chip continues to increase, the difficulty and cost of testing such chips is increasing rapidly. One of the challenges in testing SOC is dealing with the large size of test data that must be stored in the tester and transferred between the tester and the chip. The cost of automatic test equipment (ATE) increases significantly with the increase in their speed, channel capacity and memory. As testers have limited speed, channel bandwidth and memory, the need for test data reduction becomes imperative. This project deals with lossless compression of test vectors on the basis of geometric shapes. It consists of two phases: i) Encoding or Compression and ii) Decoding or Decompression. During the compression phase we exploit reordering of test vectors to minimize the number of shapes needed to encode the test data. The test set is partitioned into blocks and then each block is encoded separately. The encoder has the choice of encoding either the 0‘s or the 1‘s in a block. In addition, it encodes a block that contains only 0‘s (or 1‘s) and x‘s with only 3 bits. Furthermore, if the cost of encoding a block using geometric shapes is higher than the original cost of the block, the block is stored as is without encoding. We have created a new greedy based algorithm to find the shapes present in a block in minimal time. This algorithm after analysis seems to be at least 50% more efficient than the algorithm proposed by the author of the original paper which has been implemented in our program. During the decoding phase the data is read from the compressed file and decoded based on the format in which it was encoded. These phases have been implemented using software. The application gives a good compression ratio of nearly 50% under average conditions, is extremely fast and the shape extraction algorithm used provides fast extraction of shapes. To test a certain chip, the entire set of test vectors, for all the cores and components inside the chip, has to be stored in the tester memory. Then, during testing, the test data must be transferred to the chip under test and test responses collected from the chip to the tester. One of the challenges in testing SOC is dealing with the large size of test data that must be stored in the tester and transferred between the tester and the chip. The cost of automatic test equipment (ATE) increases significantly with the increase in their speed, channel capacity and memory. As testers have limited speed, channel bandwidth and memory, the need for test data reduction becomes imperative. 1. 2 Systems on a chip A system on a chip or system on chip (SoC or SOC) is an integrated circuit(IC) that integrates all components of a computer or other electronic system into a single chip. It may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal, and often radio-frequency functions—all on a single chip substrate. A typical application is in the area of embedded systems. A typical SoC consists of: †¢ A microcontroller, microprocessor or DSP core(s). Some SoCs nbsp—called multiprocessor system on chip (MPSoC)—include more than one processor core. †¢ Memory blocks including a selection of ROM, RAM, EEPROM and flash memory. †¢ Timing sources including oscillators and phase-locked loops. †¢ Peripherals including counter-timers, real-time timers and power-on reset generators. †¢ External interfaces including industry standards such as USB, FireWire, Ethernet, USART, SPI. †¢ Analog interfaces including ADCs and DACs. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 4 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Voltage regulators and power management circuits. These blocks are connected by either a proprietary or industry-standard bus such as the AMBA bus from ARM Holdings. DMA controllers route data directly between external interfaces and memory, bypassing the processor core and thereby increasing the data throughput of the SoC. Figure 1 Department of Computer Scien ce and Engg, TKMCE Page 5 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 1. 3 Data Compression Data compression, source coding orbit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation would use. Compression is useful because it helps reduce the consumption of expensive resources, such as disk space or transmission bandwidth. On the downside, compressed data must be decompressed to be used, and this extra processing may be detrimental to some applications. For instance, a compression scheme for video may require expensive hardware for the video to be decompressed fast enough to be viewed as it is being decompressed (the option of decompressing the video in full before watching it may be inconvenient, and requires storage space for the decompressed video). The design of data compression schemes therefore involves trade-offs among various factors, including the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced (if using a lossy compression scheme), and the computational resources required to compress and decompress the data. Several test data compression techniques were proposed in the literature. These techniques can be classified into two categories; those that require structural information of the circuit and rely on automatic test pattern generation and/or fault simulation and those that are more suitable for intellectual property (IP) cores as they operate solely on the test data. Techniques of the first approach include some of the linear decompression-based schemes and broadcastscan-based schemes. Techniques of the second approach include statistical coding, selective Huffman coding , run-length coding , mixed run-length and Huffman coding , Golomb coding , frequency-directed run-length (FDR) coding , alternating run-length coding using FDR (ALT-FDR), extended frequency-directed run-length (EFDR) coding , MTC coding , variable-input Huffman coding (VIHC) , multilevel Huffman coding , 9-coded compression , Block Merging (BM) compression and dictionary-based coding . Test compression techniques in this class can be further classified as being test independent or test dependent. Test-independent compression techniques have the advantage that the decompression circuitry is independent of the test data. Changing the test set does not require any change to the decompression circuitry. Examples of test-independent compression techniques include Golomb coding, frequency-directed run-length (FDR) coding, alternating run-length coding Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 6 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes using FDR (ALT-FDR) , extended frequency-directed run-length (EFDR) coding , MTC coding , 9- coded compression and Block Merging (BM) compression 1. 4 Automatic Testing Equipment Automatic or Automated Test Equipment (ATE) is any apparatus that performs tests on a device, known as the Device Under Test (DUT), using automation to quickly perform measurements and evaluate the test results. An ATE can be a simple computer controlled digital multimeter, or a complicated system containing dozens of complex test instruments (real or simulated electronic test equipment) capable of automatically testing and diagnosing faults in sophisticated electronic packaged parts or on Wafer testing, including System-OnChips and Integrated circuits. ATE is widely used in the electronic manufacturing industry to test electronic components and systems after being fabricated. ATE is also used to test avionics and the electronic modules in automobiles. It is used in military applications like radar and wireless communication. . 4. 1 ATE in the Semiconductor Industry Semiconductor ATE, named for testing semiconductor devices, can test a wide range of electronic devices and systems, from simple components (resistors, capacitors, and inductors) to integrated circuits (ICs), printed circuit boards (PCBs), and complex, completely assembled electronic systems. ATE systems are designed to reduce th e amount of Figure 1. 2 test time needed to verify that a particular device works or to quickly find its faults before the part has a chance to be used in a final consumer product. To reduce manufacturing costs and improve yield, semiconductor devices should to be tested after being fabricated to prevent even a small number of defective devices ending up with consumer. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 7 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Chapter 2 2. 1 Problem Definition As the complexity of systems-on-a-chip continues to increase, the difficulty and cost of testing such chips is increasing rapidly. To test a certain chip, the entire set of test vectors, for all the cores and components inside the chip, has to be stored in the tester memory. Then, during testing, the test data must be transferred to the chip under test and test responses collected from the chip to the tester. Our application must be able to compress the test vectors by a significant percentage and it must also be lossless. In addition to these two basic requirements the program must extract the shapes from each block in an optimal manner (here the technique to be used is a greedy approach rather than a brute force one). Moreover the test data must be sorted and partitioned before shape extraction is done. The application must also be able to correctly decompress the encoded data. In order to obtain the shapes covering the bits in as little time as possible, we have created a greedy based algorithm which works in an overall time of O(n4). The original algorithm proposed by the authors of ? Test Data Compression based on Geometric Shapes? [1] on other hand requires one O(n4) operation to identify all possible covers and another O(n4) to find the optimal among them which is a brute force approach. 2. 2 Motivation for Project One of the challenges in testing SOC is dealing with the large size of test data that must be stored in the tester and transferred between the tester and the chip. The amount of time required to test a chip depends on the size of test data that has to be transferred from the tester to the chip and the channel capacity. The cost of automatic test equipment (ATE) increases significantly with the increase in their speed, channel capacity and memory. As testers have Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 8 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes limited speed, channel band-width and memory, the need for test data reduction becomes imperative. 2. 3 Problem Analysis The problem can be divided into the following phases 2. 3. 1 Test Set sorting Here sorting is done on the basis of its neighbors. Also to achieve maximum compaction the first vector after sorting must contain maximum number of zeroes. 2. 3. 2 Test Set partitioning Partitioning of test vectors into blocks can be done easily. But in the case of partial blocks which appears if the number of test vectors and size of test vectors are not integral multiples of N(block is of size N*N) we can partition the block as N*N and use a mark array to indicate which bits are not to be processed. . 3. 3 Shape Extraction Here the shapes must be extracted optimally which means we have to use a greedy algorithm. This algorithm was created and works superbly. 2. 3. 4 Decoding This is only a simple matter of finding the code and based on the code of filling up the test vectors. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 9 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Chapte r 3 3. 1 Encoding Phase 3. 1. 1 Test Set Sorting 3. 1. 1. 1 Description Sorting the vectors in a test set is crucial and has a significant impact on the compression ratio. In this step, we aim at generating clusters of either 0‘s or 1‘s in such a way that it may partially or totally be fitted in one or more of the geometric shapes shown in Table 3. 2. The sorting is with respect to both 0‘s and 1‘s (0/1-sorting). The technique is based on finding the distance D between two vectors A and B that maximizes the clusters of 0‘s and 1‘s. The next vector with the highest distance to the existing vector is selected during the sorting process. The distance D may be computed with respect to 0‘s (0-distance), to 1‘s (1-distance) or to 0‘s and 1‘s (0/1-distance) as follows: here k is the test vector length and W(Ai, Bi) is the weight between bits Ai and Bi. Table 3. 1 specify the weights used in computing the 0/1-distance between two vectors. Note that for i = 0, W(Ai, Bi-1) = 0 and for i = k 1, W(Ai, Bi+1) = 0. Table 3. 1 Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 10 Greedy Based Approach to Tes t Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Table 3. 2 3. 1. 1. 2 Algorithm 1. Find the vector with the maximum number of zeroes and interchange with first vector 2. i? 1 3. Compare ith vector with all other vectors from i+1 and calculate the distance based on the equation 4. Exchange the vector with maximum distance with ith vector 5. If ilt;n then i? i+1 Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 11 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 3. 1. 2 Test Set Partitioning 3. 1. 2. 1 Description A set of sorted test vectors, M, is represented in a matrix form, R? C, where R is the number of test vectors and C is the length of each test vector. The test set is segmented into L? K blocks each of which is N? N bits, where L is equal to R/N and K is equal to C/N. A segment consists of K blocks. In other words, the test set is segmented into L segments each containing K blocks. For test vectors whose columns and/or rows are not divisible by the predetermined block dimension N, a partial block will be produced at the right end columns and/or the bottom rows of the test data. Since the size of such partial blocks can be deduced based on the number of vectors, the vector length and the block dimension, the number of bits used to encode the coordinates of the geometric shapes can be less than log2N. 3. 1. 2. 2 Algorithm 1. Partition the test vectors into 88 blocks( partial or full) 2. If block is partial then a. Mark the rest of the bit positions as already processed Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 12 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 3. 1. 3 Shape Extraction 3. 1. 3. 1 Description This algorithm was created by our group to obtain the optimal covers of the shapes in as little time as possible. In our algorithm we begin by assuming that all other points before (i,j) has been processed. This means that if any new shape exists in this block it may only begin at a point greater than or equal to (i,j). Now if we are starting from (i,j) we need to check only four points adjacent to it along with (i,j). These positions are shown Figure 3. 1. This is a direct consequence of our initial assumption. Now let us assume that a shape begins from (i,j). Since no other shape has been detected so far, (i,j) is a point. Now the algorithm checks the four adjacent points to see whether the make any other shape when taken in combination with (i,j). Since (i,j) is classified as a point, the next possible shape that can be formed is a line. There are four possiblities for this. This is shown in Figure 3. 2. Figure 3. 1 Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 13 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Now if another of the adjacent points is a valid bit and if the current shape s a line,then the next figure that can be formed from 3 points is a triangle. This also has four different possiblities. This is shown by Figure 3. 3. Figure 3. 2 If the current shape is a triangle(type 4) and if another point adjacent to (i,j) is of the bit we are checking for then, the only remaining possiblity is a rectangle. This is shown by Figure 3. 4. Figure 3. 3 In orde r to avoid the possiblity of rechecking bits that have already been processed our algorithm uses a ? mark‘ matrix similar to the block of bits,except that every position other than what has already been included in a shape are marked as zeroes. Those that have been identified as belonging to a shape are marked as ones. We also insert the points that have to be processed by the algorithm in the next stage into a queue for faster processing of the rest of the shape. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 14 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Figure 3. 4 The anomalies that can occur during this approach are: ? There can be other shapes starting from the same point (i,j). Since we are performing a greedy search, the only possiblity that comes under this category are additional lines emanating from (i,j). This can be easily solved by saving the current shape as well as the newly identified line into the list of shapes. Then the algorithm performs all the above mentioned steps, i. e. marking the bits processed and inserting the points to processed later into the queue. ? Another problem related with this simple approach is that the type 1 traingle may recognized as a rectangle and a few lines if its size is greater than one. This can be avoided by computing the length of the side of square that may contain the triangle(if it exists ) and the length of both the diagonals. If the length of a side is the same as that of a diagonal then its indeed a traingle or a square. To distinguish between these we check whether the length of both diagonals are same. If they are not, then the shape is a triangle,otherwise it‘s a rectangle. The reason these anomalies needs to be carefully implemented is that anomaly 2 can increase the computational complexity of our oerall algorithm significantly if its to be solved. Once the shapes have been detected for what they are we process only those positions that may be a continuation of the shape are processed. Also the proceesing of these bits are only done in the direction of interest(for example, in the case of say type 1 line the only possible extension of the shape occurs in the downward direction and hence this is the only direction processed). This means that not all of the four adjacent positions need to be checked during further processing, which in turn reduces complexity. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 15 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Once a shape has been completely detected, which begins from (i,j), we start the processing of the next bit at position (i,j+1) or (i+1,1). This is necessary so as to ensure that we do not miss any shapes during proceesing. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 16 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 3. 1. 3. 2 Algorithm Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 17 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 3. 1. 3. 3 Complexity Analysis As we have seen the algorithm needs 3 loops. Out of this two is used to traverse the entire block. This gives us an outer loop complexity of O(n2). Then the third loop is always executed 4 times in order to check neighboring points. The actual detection of shapes is only a matter of addition of indices to (i,j) and checking to see whether they satisfy any of the conditions of the algorithm. Addition is done in constant time. Now although the detection of the kernel of shapes can be done in a constant time we need to spend some additional time in the case of anomaly 2. As mentioned earlier this can be solved by finding the length of the sides of the square containing it and the length of both the diagonals of the square. Also this must be the square that may contain the whole triangle. This means that in the worst case the lengths may be of size n. This gives us the complexity for this step to be 4O(n). The further processing of shapes that has been detected is done using a queue. The maximum number of times the queue can be executed is O(n2). This because there are at most that many bits in a block. Therefore the overall complexity for shape detection is O(n2) x4x(4O(n) + O(n2))=O(4n3 + n4)=O(n4). Now in average cases the queue will not need to contain the entire block, as the block can be assumed to be comprised of equal parts required and unrequired bits. This means that in the average case, shape extraction process predominates and average case complexity becomes O(n3). This is much better than a brute force approach to shape extraction. Even in the worst case our algorithm performs better as we do not need to perform a covering step to find the most optimal covers for the shapes detected. This would have taken another O(n4) which we avoid by directly using a greedy approach. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 18 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 3. 1. 4 Encoding 3. 1. 4. 1 Description The encoding process will be applied on each block independently. The procedure Extract_Shapes(b) will find the best group of shapes that cover the bits that are equal to b as shown in the algorithm. Encode_Shapes determines the number of bits, a, needed to encode this group of shapes. There are two cases that may occur: a) The block contains either 0‘s and X‘s or 1‘s and X‘s. In this case, the block can be encoded as a rectangle. However, instead of encoding it as a rectangle, it is encoded by the code 01‘‘ (indicating that the block can be filled by either 0‘s or 1‘s) followed by the bit that fills the block. Hence, the number of bits to encode the block a = 3. We call such blocks filled blocks. ) The block needs to be encoded by a number of shapes. We call such a block encoded block. In this case, we need the following: ? 2 bits to indicate the existence of shapes and the type of bit encoded. If the encoded bit is 0, then the code is 10, otherwise it is 11. ? P = 2 ? log 2 N ? 3 Bits to encode the number of shapes, S. If the number of shapes exceeds 2P, then the number of bits needed to encode the shapes is certainly greater than the total number of bits in the block. In this case, the block is not encoded and the original test data is stored. 3. 1. 4. 2 Algorithm 1. While there are shapes to be encoded a. Find shape and type of shape b. Find x,y coordinates of shape c. If shape has a length parameter calculate its value d. Depending on shape and type encode the parameters as per table 2. 2 Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 19 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 3. 2 Decoding Phase 3. 2. 1 Description The pseudo-code of the decoding algorithm is given below. It first reads the arguments given by the encoder and computes the parameters needed for the decoding process. These parameters include the number of segments, the number of blocks in a segment and the dimensions of the partial blocks. For each segment, its blocks are decoded one at a time. The first two bits indicate the status of the block as follows: ? ? ? ? 00: the block is not encoded and the following N*N bits are the original test data. 01: fill the whole block with either 0‘s or 1‘s depending on the following bit. 10: There are shapes that are filled with 0‘s. 11: There are shapes that are filled with 1‘s. For those blocks that have shapes, the procedure Decode_Shapes is responsible for decoding those shapes. It reads the number of shapes in the block and then for each shape it reads its type and based on this it reads its parameters and fills it accordingly. Based on the arguments read first, the decoder can determine the number of bits needed for each variable (e. g. the coordinates and the distances). These are used for the partial blocks when only one block of each segment remains and when the last segment is being decoded. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 20 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes 3. 2. 2 Algorithm Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 21 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Chapter 4 4. 1 Language Specification The above project has been implemented in C/C++. This is because C/C++ is a language very well suited for bit level manipulations and provides other features which can be easily implemented using hardware directly. Another consideration that is of paramount importance here is the degree by which C/C++ lends itself to system level programming. The key considerations can be summed up as: ? ? ? ? ? ? Simple Very High Speed Very close to assembly language Can be used to directly implement application using hardware Bit level manipulations are possible Dynamic . 2 Hardware Specification CPU RAM Main Storage Medium Monitor : Pentium II or above : 4 MB : 1 GB HDD : Standard VGA 4. 3 Software Specification Operating System Design Tools : DOS : C/C++ Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 22 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes Chapter 5 5. 1 Application One of the challenges in testing SOC is dealing with the large size of test data that must be stored in the tester and transferred between the tester and the chip. The amount of time required to test a chip depends on the size of test data that has to be transferred from the tester to the chip and the channel capacity. The cost of automatic test equipment (ATE) increases significantly with the increase in their speed, channel capacity and memory. As testers have limited speed, channel band-width and memory, the need for test data reduction becomes imperative. To achieve such reduction, several test compaction and lossless compression schemes were proposed in the literature. The objective of test set compaction is to generate the minimum number of test vectors that achieve the desired fault coverage. The advantage of test compaction techniques is that they reduce the number of test vectors that need to be applied to the circuit under test while preserving the fault coverage. This results in reducing the required test application time. Department of Computer Science and Engg, TKMCE Page 23 Greedy Based Approach to Test Data Compression using Geometric Shapes CONCLUSION In order to check the effective compression ratio produced by the application several different test sets were taken and the algorithm was applied. The test vectors were sorted to maximize the compression. In this work, test vectors were sorted based on a greedy algorithm. Test vectors sorting based on the 0/1-distance was performed. For 0/1-distance sorting, the test vector with more 0‘s was selected as the first vector. The compression ratio is computed as: In the case of large vectors with only sparsely populated positions the application was found to produce very high compression ratio. In the average cases the compression ratio was nearly 50%.

Singer’s Practical Ethics Essay -- Papers Poverty Theory

Singer’s Practical Ethics St. Augustine once stated, â€Å"The superfluities of the rich are the necessities of the poor. When you possess in excess, you possess what belongs to the poor† (Church 3). This quotation expresses that the less fortunate in our world deserve to own a part of all the excess luxuries that are owned by the more wealthy people. Therefore, anything beyond the necessities of life can be considered something that the poor should retain. This idea is very similar to that of Peter Singer, who contends that the injustice of people who live in abundance while others starve is morally inexcusable. He argues that anyone who is able to aid the poor ought to donate in order to help the crisis of world poverty and similar endeavors. Singer explains that if one is already living comfortably, the act of acquiring luxuries to increase pleasure does not entail the same moral importance as saving someone’s life. Since he is a utilitarian, he judges whether acts are right or wrong based on the consequences the action brings. Therefore, if the consequence of the wealthy people’s failure to donate money is that another poor person dies, then that is just as bad as killing them, since they are consciously letting them die. In his work, Practical Ethics, Singer offers his thoughts about one’s obligations to world poverty and suggests what must be done to fix this dilemma. He questions whether it is ethical for people to live a life of luxury while they allow others to barely survive, or even die. In the world today, there are two extremes of world poverty: absolute affluence and absolute poverty. The basic definition ... ...h is distributed in the world. There is no reason why some people should lead such luxurious lives, while worrying about nonessential lavishness, as opposed to one’s survival like those in absolute poverty do. As people who live in a country of absolute affluence, we are all in the situation where we can choose between sacrificing our luxuries to save a child versus living in excess and allowing the poor to die. What if everything that we take for granted was removed from our lives? We would then live day to day as a means to survive, and only then would we truly understand the lives of those in absolute poverty. BIBLIOGRAPHY Denny, Father Jack. â€Å"The Church in Action.† Received in Theology class on April 1, 2004. Singer, Peter. Practical Ethics. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Jayanta Mahapatra`s poem “Dawn at Puri” Essay

Jayanta Mahapatra`s poem â€Å"Dawn at Puri† narrates by describing the Oriyan landscape, especially the holy city of Puri. Mahapatra is deeply rooted in Indian culture and ethos with which he is emotionally attached as a poet. Though the language of expression is English his sensibility is ‘Oriya’. In order to appreciate the prescribed poem it is important to understand his sensitive attitude to the native socio cultural practices.Here in the poem under discussion, Puri is the living protagonist for him .Puri is not only a setting but also a protagonist because he presents a graphic description of Puri as a central as a place for the four ‘ dhams ‘or ‘sacred cities’ but also for the ‘math’ or the monastery set up by Shankaracharya . Lord Jagganath is the main deity in Puri who is in the form of Lord Vishnu. The way Mahapatra delineates the events and incidents in the poem shows us that he disapproves of what is going on under the cover of tradition and practices. Look more:  first poem for you essay You will notice how life lies like â€Å"a mass of crouched faces without names† and you also can see how people are trapped by faith as expressed in the expression â€Å"caught in a net â€Å". The shells on the sand are â€Å"ruined† the word, â€Å"leprous† is suggestive of decadence and infirmity. The poem evokes loss of identity, anonymity, death, disease and decadence. As I have mentioned above, most of the Hindus wished to be cremated in the land of Lord Vishnu. The speaker’s mother also had such a last wish, the wish to be cremated in Puri. This is fulfilled by the effort of her son in the blazing funeral pyre which is seen as â€Å"sullen† and â€Å"solitary† .The poem winds up on an uncertain note like the corpse of his dead mother.character .Here Puri is personified. At Puri, we find a stretch of beach called Swargadwara or ‘Gateway to heaven’ where the dead are cremated. Many pious Hindus and widows feel that it is possible to attain salvation by dying at Puri. Mahapatra states: â€Å"Her last wish to be cremated here/ twisting uncertainly like light/ on the shifting sands.†

Jonathan Watt s Defoe s Transition From Literary...

1a. According to Watt, Defoe’s transition from literary traditionalism to true individual experience mostly distinguishes Defoe from earlier writers. Defoe also rejects the traditional plot series, which sets him apart from writers like Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, and Milton, who â€Å"accepted the general premise of their times that, since Nature is essentially complete and unchanging in records, whether scriptural, legendary or historical, constitute[s] a definitive repertoire of human experience† (366). Meaning that Defoe did not just reiterate plots from previous literature, which turn out to be romanticized versions of historical legends and periods in history. 1b. I believe that Watt is accurate and that Defoe distinguishes his writing from others by making an emphasis on the individual character. Most of the earlier writers based their prose around a test of faith or trial that the protagonist either passes or fails. Most of these characters signify bigger themes, such as Una in The Faerie Queen, who stood for the one true faith of England, and other characters were based around significant people in feudal system such as Queen Elizabeth I, or Saint George: Patron of England. Every part of the stories signified something more significant, whereas Defoe takes his novel and tells the story of Moll Flanders. 2a. According to Watt, this dominant theory of the time period continued to incline toward â€Å"the use of traditional plots† (367) in written works. Defoe’s literary